Womens Reproductive Rights and the US Constitution

Limits on reproductive rights and decisions by women were mostly covered by state laws in the U.S. until the last half of the 20th century, when the Supreme Court began to decide court cases about bodily autonomy, pregnancy, birth control, and abortion access. The following key decisions in constitutional history concern womens control over their reproductive choices. 1965: Griswold v. Connecticut In Griswold v. Connecticut, the Supreme Court found a right to marital privacy in choosing to use birth control, invalidating state laws that prohibited the use of birth control by married persons. 1973: Roe v. Wade In the historic Roe v. Wade decision, the Supreme Court held that in the earlier months of pregnancy, a woman, in consultation with her doctor, could choose to have an abortion without legal restrictions, and could also make the choice with some restrictions later in pregnancy. The basis for the decision was the right to privacy, a right inferred from the Fourteenth Amendment. Doe v. Bolton was also decided that day, calling into question criminal abortion statutes. 1974: Geduldig v. Aiello Geduldig v. Aiello looked at a states disability insurance system which excluded temporary absences from work due to pregnancy, and found that normal pregnancies did not have to be covered by the system. 1976: Planned Parenthood v. Danforth The Supreme Court found that spousal consent laws for abortions (in this case, in the third trimester) were unconstitutional because the pregnant womans rights were more compelling than her husbands. The Court did uphold that regulations requiring the womans full and informed consent were constitutional. 1977: Beal v. Doe, Maher v. Roe, and Poelker v. Doe In these abortion cases, the Court found that states were not required to use public funds for elective abortions. 1980: Harris v. Mcrae The Supreme Court upheld the Hyde Amendment, which excluded Medicaid payments for all abortions, even those that were found to be medically necessary. 1983: Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health, Planned Parenthood v. Ashcroft, and Simopoulos v. Virginia In these cases, the Court struck down state regulations designed to dissuade women from abortion, requiring physicians to give advice that the physician might not agree with. The Court also struck down a waiting period for informed consent and a requirement that abortions after the first trimester be performed in licensed acute-care hospitals. Simopoulos v. Virginia upheld limiting second-trimester abortions to licensed facilities. 1986: Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists The Court was asked by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists to issue an injunction on enforcement of a new anti-abortion law in Pennsylvania. The administration of President Reagan asked the Court to overturn Roe v. Wade in their decision. The Court upheld Roe based on womens rights, not based on physicians rights. 1989: Webster v. Reproductive Health Services In the case of Webster v. Reproductive Health Services, the Court upheld some limits on abortions, including: Prohibiting the involvement of public facilities and public employees in performing abortions except to save the life of the motherProhibiting counseling by public employees that might encourage abortionsRequiring viability tests on fetuses after the 20th week of pregnancy But the Court also stressed that it was not ruling on the Missouri statement about life beginning at conception, and was not overturning the essence of the Roe decision. 1992: Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey In Planned Parenthood v. Casey, the Court upheld both the constitutional right to have an abortion as well as some restrictions, while still upholding the essence of Roe. The test on restrictions was moved from the heightened scrutiny standard established under Roe, and instead looked at whether a restriction put an undue burden on the mother. The court struck down a provision requiring spousal notice and upheld other restrictions. 2000: Stenberg v. Carhart The Supreme Court found a law making partial-birth abortion was unconstitutional, violating the Due Process Clause from the 5th and 14th Amendments. 2007: Gonzales v. Carhart The Supreme Court upheld the federal Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003, applying the undue burden test.

Analysis Of The Play Hamlet Essay - 1438 Words

How to Deal with Mortality? Hamlet Edition Hamlet is full of death. The whole plot revolves around the death of King Hamlet, and death is what drives the play forward. Hamlet is surrounded by death and struggles with dealing with it. Before the tragic ending, Hamlet loses his father to murder and his love to crazed suicide. Hamlet also murders the father of his love, Polonius. Shakespeare uses Hamlet’s questioning of his own mortality and fear of death to connect with the human problem: that if we all die, what is the point of living? The opening scenes of the play show an interaction between Hamlet and the ghost of his recently murdered father, King Hamlet. Hamlet’s father reveals to him that he was in fact murdered and that he must avenge his death. The ghost does not implicitly say that Hamlet must kill the new King Claudius to enact his revenge, but that is how Hamlet interprets it. Hamlet never considers another option in avenging his father. Hamlet could of approached the revenge by proving Claudius murdered King Hamlet. If this option had been taken by Hamlet lives could have been saved. Claudius would have still ended up dead, but Hamlet would of taken the throne and lived on after Claudius’ execution for regicide. Intriguingly the ghost is stuck in purgatory, a Catholic idea, when it was illegal to be a Catholic in England at the time. Hamlet knows what he must do, but struggles heavily with the idea of committing murder immediately after the interaction andShow MoreRelatedHamlet by William Shakespeare1456 Words   |  6 PagesThe play Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, takes place in a time where the impossible was a part of the lives of everyday people. Occurrences that people in the modern time would believe unbelievable. Yet, with just a quill and parchment Shakespeare’s is able to connect the past and present by weaving a plot with skill that is still unparalleled to this day. The play Hamlet this exceeds this expectation by revealing depth of Hamlets, the protagonists, character personality through the useRead MoreThe Profound Impact Of Female Characters Of Shakespeare s Hamlet930 Words   |  4 PagesCharacters in Hamlet How much of an impact can the women in a man’s life have on his thoughts and actions? A mother is the first woman her son will come into contact with, and can skew her son’s image of women through her actions. A man’s significant other also has the ability to bring out the best in him, but can also become the target for his anger and stray emotions. In William Shakespeare s Hamlet, although there are only two main female characters, both women†¯possess crucial roles in the play and haveRead MoreHamlet Relationships And Madness Essay1246 Words   |  5 Pagesof the characters within the play Hamlet showed signs of madness. The characters went mad due to the antagonizing relationships they had with other characters; the madness within the play created a chain reaction among the characters. In the end, the characters’ madness led to their own and others untimely demise. Claudius’ jealousy of Hamlet senior began his downward spiral to madness. Claudius’ lust for Queen Gertrude, his brother’s wife, led to him killing Hamlet senior. â€Å"Pray can I not, ThoughRead MoreHamlet vs. Oedipus Essay898 Words   |  4 PagesCharacter Analysis of Prince Hamlet in Hamlet by William Shakespeare and Oedipus in Oedipus King by Sophocles In Aristotles literary discourse, Poetics, he discusses his theory of tragedy, wherein he introduces the concepts of tragic flaw or hamartia, which serves as the catalyst for the protagonists downfall or the tragedy of the story to happen. He determines a tragedy as a drama that brings about a sorrowful conclusion, arousing fear and pity in the audience (Roberts and JacobsRead MoreEssay on A Critical Analysis of Shakespeares Hamlet1132 Words   |  5 PagesA Critical Analysis of Shakespeares Hamlet Dave Beaston Hamlet. Is he an insane madman or a revengeful, scheming, genius? There are many conflicting ideas and theories on this subject, and hopefully this paper may be of some assistance in clearing up the confusion. The paper is divided into three separate analytic sections beginning with the beginning of Hamlets so called madness, and why it may have occurred. Next, is an analysis of why Hamlet delays revenging his fathers death.Read MoreHamlet, Madness or Sanity Essay953 Words   |  4 PagesHamlet, Madness or Sanity Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, is about a young prince who wants revenge when he learns about the murder of his father. As the play begins, Hamlet’s character appears to be a normal, sane person. 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Dou E Yuan described a women name Dou E who was blamed and sentenced to death by beheading. Three events occur to prove Dou E’s innocence which was her blood will spill on her clothes but will not drip onto the ground, there will be heavy snowfall during the sixth lunar month and the thick snow will cover her dead body, lastly Chuzhou willRead MoreHamlet: Critical Essay1115 Words   |  5 PagesWhat have you come to understand about the intense human relationships of Hamlet? How has this understanding been affected by the perspectives of others? In you response you should focus on 3 scenes in the play and a range of pers pectives. The intense human relationships of Hamlet have been viewed through numerous perspectives yet all have reached the same conclusions. With the exception of just one, the friendship of Hamlet and Horatio, all the relationships are dishonourable, dysfunctional and

GSM Based Portabel Vehicle Security System Free Essays

This project is made for the purpose of vehicle security. Project is based on the Global System for Mobile communication (GSM).This project is designed for the immobilizing of the vehicle by GSM mobile phone. We will write a custom essay sample on GSM Based Portabel Vehicle Security System or any similar topic only for you Order Now The project consists of a circuitry with Microcontroller AT89c51 (MCU) and GSM modem in a vehicle and a GSM handset for Owner. The circuitry is constructed on the base of MCU which is assembled with Max-232 for the interface between MCU and GSM modem. Max-232 is a level converter used for the interface between the TTL and non TTL devices.Max-232 act as a bridge between the MCU and the GSM modem. Relays are used for the activating and deactivating the alarm and the locking system of the vehicle doors. A serial communication link is developed between the MCU and GSM modem. A connection from the starter of the vehicle is connected to an input interrupt pin of the MCU. When there comes a security breach (i.e. Someone tries to start the car) a signal is sent to the MCU telling that someone is stealing the vehicle. If there comes such a situation, then through an intelligent program (running in the MCU) a message through GSM modem is sent to the Owner asking for the vehicle control or activation of the alarm. If answer is negative then after receiving the message, MCU will automatically turn on the alarm and will lock all the doors of the vehicle. If Owner allows, then vehicle can start. Today science and technology has so much emerged in our daily life that we are Incomplete without its advent. The modes of communication are also changing as the technology develops. From a land line telephone to GSM wireless technology and then the Intranet. Today GSM technology other then communication can be implemented in other security task as well. Due to technology the remote control access has moderate the common person life very much that today we demand every event on our finger tips reach. As the present decade has seen the large development of cellular mobile technology. It has become an essential part of every one life. And if we use the same GSM technology for our around world security? Yeah today using GSM feature we can secure our far around object just clicking your mobile. Over the past decade, real-time tracking and management of vehicles has been a field of mounting interest. Now it has developed into a powerful and marketable package due to its low-cost and varying facilities such as Anti-theft system and Client identification. The importance of this module can be understood more clearly by this example. i.e., A business man sitting in a meeting listen the buzzer sound of the vehicle, till to any action the vehicle would been stolen. May be the vehicle is out of sight. So in this case may be the alarmed not been in a reach to be listen by the owner. But if owner of a expensive vehicle has a GSM vehicle system installed. Then before any one try to open the door, a message will come first time informing him about the security threaten. But if some one be able to access the vehicle ignition switch (starter) and when he pushes the key, the second time interrupt will be generated and a message will be sent to the owner, informing about the permission of vehicle start. If the owner enter a Master code key, and then press ‘Y’(FOR YES), the vehicle will start. But in a case of ‘No’ reply the system will permanently immobilize the vehicle. And in addition alarm will be buzzed, and automatically the door will be locked. The outstanding feature is that if due to any reason message can’t be delivered at the right time, the module will count for a pre-defined time, if during this time there is no response from the other node; the system will halt the process and again reinitializes the task.These are the all features we implement in our project module.Previously short radio security system was implemented with a detection device, This was not with upward features and has some drawbacks? As mobile technology is at its development edge, GSM is our core communication engine owing to which the position of the vehicle is notified to the client as well as our base station. This project provides enhanced security as whenever any security bench (interruption) occurs, a text message (SMS) will be sent to the desired number in order to take necessary measures. The information sent and received is done by using short messaging which makes this system further cost-efficient. This security system is more secure then the previous one with extra features as: The earlier system range was limited but with mobile long distance security is possible. So in this way if a thief manage to open the door through a master key, the system will count on trying to start engine after sending message to the owner Also permanent immobilization of engine on â€Å"NO† message from owner. The system will also close the lens and lock the doors of a vehicle. As well as giving alarm to show that vehicle has threaten from thief. Another feature is that any time we can change the identification code Manually whenever we want to change it. This GSM based vehicle security system has been implemented in first world countries as well as in Europe. But this technology has not been so common in third word countries and Pakistan. The available module in market is imported from outside world which is very costly and also not in a common use and access. Our project based on GSM has been designed simply by using easily available component, and simple design. Also its advantage is that it is very cheaper, and their fore it can be very affectively launched in market as a productive product. How to cite GSM Based Portabel Vehicle Security System, Essay examples

Science vs. religion free essay sample

Word count 1351 Dawkins Analysis Science vs. Religion The following commentary investigates Is Science a Religion a piece written by Clinton Richard Dawkins, better known as Richard Dawkins, a British evolutionary biologist. Dawkins does not hesitate to share his views having authored several best sellers such as The Selfish Gene, The God Delusion, and The Oxford Book of Modern Science Writing, as well as several others (ibid). In 1996 The American Humanist Association whose slogans include Good Without a God, and advocating progressive values and equality for humanists, atheists, and free thinkers named Richard Dawkins Humanist of the Year (AHA). In response to Richard Dawkins piece, Is Science a Religion Dawkins wasted no time in his attack on faith insinuating the Aids virus and Mad Cow disease are less threatening to humanity than faith. Dawkins persist claiming, faith is one of the worlds greatest evils(l), Dawkins rapture continued on as he compared faith to the infectious Smallpox virus exclaiming faith would be harder to eliminate. We will write a custom essay sample on Science vs. religion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To further exploit Dawkins opinion he refers to faith as exceedingly dangerous and deems faith to be a brain virus. What is faith? To quote Mark Twain Faith is believing what you know aint so. The belief in the unknown, a person, place, or idea of which is not tangible and lacks any kind of factual evidence. Yet as Dawkins states faith is the principle vice of any religion(l). Could it be possible that organized religion is a way to control its faith driven believers? After all is it not true that God has done evil to people that have not followed his orders? For instance lets take a look at a couple examples. The Third of the 10 Commandments: You must not misuse the name of the Lord your God. In Ezekiel, Zedekiah makes a solemn oath made in the Lords name. When Zedekiah breaks that oath God said for breaking a solemn oath in the name of the Lord I God will capture Zedekiah, and put him on trial for treason and have all his best men killed. Did those men deserve to die? Is it right to punish and those men for another mans mistake? I think not. The seventh of 10 commandments: You must not commit adultery. In Samuel 2 David commits adultery with Bathsheba and gets Bathsheba pregnant, as a result of their punishment David and Bathshebas son dies. (Lee Andrew Henderson Yahoo Voices). This is not fair punishment, an innocent child put to death for anothers mistake. Not the kind of world I would want to occupy. Your life is at stake every time you interact with someone. How can anyone find it fitting to have faith in all this cruelty? It all Just appears to be too much evil to contend with. On the other side of that coin one might tend to agree with Dawkins when he says, Given the dangers of faith(l). I immediately thought of working mothers and the dilemma they are faced with when going back to work after having a child. Every mother on this planet, ho has had to leave her infant or toddler with a babysitter in order to go back to work, has had little but faith to carry her through her shift. For at that moment faith is all she can count on in hopes that she has made a wise decision in choosing a babysitter that will care for as well as, protect her child from harm. At a stressful time such as this even if one is not religious you can bet these new mothers are praying to God asking him to watch over her innocent child. There may not be anything scientific about this situation concerning faith, however, sometimes in life faith is all you have. One may not be able to grab it and hold on to it, although certain situations require you believe with all your heart that faith will carry you through, and more times than not it will. When someone came forward at one of Dawkins lectures and said, your science is just a religion like ours. Fundamentally, science Just comes down to faith, doesnt it? Dawkins replied Well science is not a religion and it doesnt Just come down to faith(l). Carrying his reply forward Dawkins assured his audience of the fact, science is based upon verifiable evidence. Religious faith not only lacks evidence, ts independence from evidence is its pride and Joy, shouted from the rooftops(l). Doubting Thomas, on the other hand, required evidence(l). As for the other apostles they were held in high standard, as without doubt, their faith was enough for them. Dawkins explains the reason for the comment referring to science being a religion. He feels he is hit with such comments because as he put it because I believe in evolution. I even believe in it with a passionate conviction(l), announces Dawkins. Dawkins claims science to be one of the most moral and honest disciplines in the orld today. With that being said it would appear that one must have faith in the reporting of evidence. James Randi a Canadian American stage magician and scientific skeptic best known for his challenging the supernatural, psychics, spoon benders, believe these kinds of people are paranormal trickster, and continue insinuating that scientist are fooled by these tricksters because of there deliberate dishonesty, in which scientists do not anticipate. In other words, ne is trying say that all scientists are 100% honest and on the up and up. That is hard to swallow. What is science? Science is most definitely based on a process known as the scientific method. The scientific method requires that the theory be testable. If the theory cannot be tested it cannot be a scientific theory. First is researching a phenomena by observation, formulate a hypothesis, test the hypothesis through experiments, establish theory based on repeated validation of evidence. With this evidence of validation, being available for the world to see via the internet and a library full of books there lays information in detailed explanation as to where the uman race came from, the world and its scientist have finally reached the point in which there remains no logical argument as all signs and research results scream Darwins natural selection theory to be valid. We no longer have to wonder how we came to be, despite color, race, or religion we humans that walk this earth are here as a result of evolution. This also applies to any living organism that can be found on this space we call earth. There may be a lot of opinions regarding Richard Dawkins some good some bad. His opinions regarding religion however maybe true or may not. One thing for sure is that if there is a Heaven and Hell we cannot come back and report on it. Nevertheless, that does not discount it as a possibility. I will believe it when I see it; this is my view on Heaven and Hell. Unfortunately, as a society we have that divided we stand outlook on science verses religion, its as if the believers of faith and the believers of evolution are football rivals, and neither side wants to lose the big game. From the view of the faith team, it is understandable that they want so much for the bible and all its promises to be valid. I mean who wouldnt ant to live a luxury existence with streets paved of gold. Or be welcomed with open arms at the pearly gates by their family members, of whom they have not seen in who knows how long. Viewing from the eyes of evolutionist, must be frustrating at the very least, especially all the work and long hours to provide factual evidence to the people only to be shunned. The school system teaching Creationism and not the Theory of Evolution is a straight slap in the face. Curiosity gets the best of me in the wonder of how many generations will it take before evolution is accepted as the answer of how did I get here.